The Creation of Art is Subjective

The Creation of Art: A Review

The Creation of Art: New Essays in Philosophical Aesthetics edited by Berys Gaut and Paisley Livingston is a great book. As a person who loves art, I was excited to read a book dealing with art from a philosophical perspective. I was particularity impressed with the essays talking about genius and creativity. Therefore, these essays will be the focus of my review.

According to Guyer, genius is a gift for invention. This gift leads to originality in representation (Guyer116). He also claims that what the genius does is that he uses art to represent the freshness of nature (Guyer122). By stating this, I believe that he wishes us to see that when the genius uses nature as his canvas he wants whatever he paints or sculpts to be as fresh as the outdoors themselves.

I agree with Guyer's definition of genius. A genius doesn't just make a copy of what he sees in nature. Anyone with a small amount of artistic talent could do that. A genius seems to be able to take what he sees and shape it in such a way as to make it his or her own. For example, an artistic genius might paint a rose blue instead of red or pink. A statue may be sculpted out of gingerbread cookies instead of clay. A poem can describe the sunset as ‘rainbow sherbet melting in the sky'. Artistic genius seems to spark imagination. I also enjoyed the way he described Kant's view of what a successful work of art entails. A piece of artwork qualifies as a success when it brings human beings pleasure because its form and content starts a free play with our imagination and understanding (Guyer 127). This makes sense because some of the poetry that I write is inspired by what Kant calls ‘successful artwork'. For example, the first time I saw Van Gough's "Starry Night", I wrote a poem entitled "Imagine the Night Sky."

I also like the fact that Cohen states that human beings who appreciate fine art must posses a bit a genius (Cohen 145). This is because it seems that we are geniuses when we can appreciate Shakespeare or Van Gough. It seems that being a genius isn't ass hard as first appears. It seems that all it takes to be a genius is the ability to change the ordinary or the ability to appreciate the extraordinary. However, it is unclear what it takes to be an appreciator of fine art or to have something labeled an appreciator of fine art. It is also unclear how much an artist must change something to be called a genius. Therefore, being labeled a genius isn't a clear cut decision. In other words, many factors may play a part in being labeled a genius.

Olsen does good job talking about creativity. I like the way that he uses Shakespeare to describe what poets do. Shakespeare claims that a poet's pen "gives to an airy nothing a place and a name" (Olsen 192). This description reminds me of Plato. According to Plato, the Muses are vital to poets: "If anyone comes to the gates of poetry and expects to become an adequate poet by acquiring expert knowledge of the subject without the Muses' madness, he will fail" (Phdr 245a). The Muses seem to help the poet's pen give life to nothing.

The discussion of the creative personality is provocative. Creative people may have non-conventional thoughts. This may be due to a need to resist being mainstreamed on society. A creative person wishes to give into his or her own unique nature (Olsen 196). I think that a creative person can have a unique nature and still create a painting, poem, or short story using a very structured regimen. In other words, creativity doesn't have to give way to convention and structure. One thing that a creative person might create is a fictional character. However, many philosophers have argued that fictional characters can't be created. I don't agree with the idea that fictional characters have no reality at all. It makes more sense to believe that fictional characters come into being only because of the mental and physical acts of an author. Because of this, fictional characters have become part of most cultures.

While most of this book was informative and interesting, one essay that I read was boring. The essay deals with the origins of creativity. The explanations of the origins of creativity are cognitive, biological, and social. The argument seems to be that creativity comes from all three sources. This comes as no surprise to me. In addition, the biological portion of the essay was a bit confusing.

This book is worth reading because it stimulates and educates readers. Also, it has put art in a new perspective for me. For the most part, people will not need a background in art to understand and enjoy this book; therefore, I recommend this book.


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How to Do Pinhole Art

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Pinhole art is not something you commonly see but the creations are beautiful and very easy to make. There are several different techniques and many different ways to display the pinhole art. One technique is to use a coloring page as your guide. Simply lay the page on top of the new paper then place them on a piece of cardboard. Use a pin or needle to poke holes, every quarter-inch or so. A large pin, like a hat pin, is perfect. It helps to tape the paper and pattern to the cardboard to make sure the pages don't slip. Upon covering the entire design with pinholes you can tape it to a window or a picture frame with no backing.

Another way to make the design is to use stencils. Draw the entire design on to the fabric or paper with a disappearing marker, found in sewing departments. The marker's color will last for about 72 hours then disappear for good. This allows enough time to make the pinhole arrangements before allowing the pattern to disappear.

The disappearing ink markers are perfect for making intricate designs from a poster or large picture. Make dots with the marker, spaced evenly, then go back and poke a hole in each dot. The picture is then outlined for display.

Some people prefer to keep the original picture rather than having it disappear. During certain conditions only the picture can be seen, not the pinholes. In other conditions, the pinhole art will show rather than the original picture.

Any number of things can be your pattern maker. Calendars, postcards, wallpaper, and posters all make great patterns. And, the pattern doesn't have to be done on paper only. You can make pinhole art on cloth, cardboard, foil or poster board.

Pinhole art requires no colors, markers, or paints but does require a light source that will shine through the pinholes to form the design. Windows are a perfect place to display your pin art because the light will shine through yet bright sunlight will be filtered through the artwork.

Besides windows you can also display the artwork in a picture frame that has no backing. Make the design on a dark piece of felt, then place a single light behind the art. A bulb, made to look like a candle, is the perfect way to shine light through your artwork. The candle bulbs can be found around Christmastime in stores that sell Christmas decorations. You can also burn a tea light behind the picture.

For denser materials, like felt, try using a nail rather than a pin to make the holes. Be careful not to tear the fabric when inserting the nail. You'll find many creations that you can easily do by looking around your home for things to make the patterns and finding places to hang the artwork.

Baby Crying and Baby Colic - How to Deal Effectively with both

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Colic is a scary word.  It conjures up pictures in our mind of a constantly crying baby and tired harried parents.  Colic is defined as, A condition of infants characterized by frequent crying do to various discomforts.  When babies cry without being hungry, in pain, or overheated it is generally called colic.  Colic is not the result of bad parenting and you should not blame yourself.  Babies who have colic generally want to be held and have a more sensitive temperament.  Some people belive that colic is because of a stomach ache, however that is just a myth so you shouldn't worry about extra burping or specialized nipples.  This fussy crying is harmless for your baby.  Usually the hard crying starts to improve after 2 months or so and is usually gone by the time the baby is 3 or 4 months old.  In the meantime there are 6 ways that can help you cope with your colicky baby.  

Coping With Colic

1.  Hold and try to sooth your baby.  It is not possible to spoil your baby in the first 3 or 4 months of life.  You could rock your baby or try using a wind up baby swing.  Sometimes a walk outside in a stroller will help and many babies react well to a ride in the car.  ( There is now a new gaget called Sleep Tight that mimics the motion and sound of a moving car. It costs about $90.)

A warm bath will also help in certain situations.

2.  If none of the above quiets your baby and there is no discernable reason for the crying you can let your baby cry itself to sleep.  Minimize outside stimuli and try wraping your baby up tightly ( swaddling).  If after 15 or 20 minutes the crying has not stopped pick up your baby and start again with step # 1.  

3.  You don't always have to rock your baby to sleep.  If you always rock your baby to sleep, later she will become dependant on that.  Let your baby learn to self-comfort and put herself to sleep.  Sooth your baby and then when she is not crying put her in her crib and let her go to sleep on her own.  

4.  Promote nighttime sleeping.  Your baby needs a lot of sleep, however to promote nighttime sleep don't let your baby sleep all day.  After your baby naps 3 hours gently wake her.  Then take the time to play with her, feed her or attend to her other needs.  This way your baby's longest sleeping time, about 5 hours, will occur at night.

5.  Get rest and help for yourself.  You cannot take good care of your baby if you don't take care of yourself.  Avoid fatigue and exhaustion.  Nap when your baby naps.  Ask your husband, friends, and family to help you.  Talk to someone everyday about your problems and feelings.  Its ok to be frustrated.  The constant crying is hard for anyone to deal with.  If it is possible let someone else care for the baby while you can get out of the house occasionally.

6. Avoid over the counter medications.  Most of these are not affective and some of them can be dangerous. (Especially those containg phenobarbital.)

A baby with colic can be difficult to deal with but giving your baby plenty of TLC is the best medicine.  Keep in mind this will only last a few months.  Your baby is precious and beautiful.  In the long run all that crying will be just a memory.